{"id":68092,"date":"2022-10-10T08:11:24","date_gmt":"2022-10-10T13:11:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.stress.org\/?p=68092"},"modified":"2024-04-06T06:17:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T06:17:39","slug":"a-reduction-of-stress-and-a-restoration-of-the-spirit-measured-by-heart-rate-variability","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/www.stress.org\/news\/a-reduction-of-stress-and-a-restoration-of-the-spirit-measured-by-heart-rate-variability\/","title":{"rendered":"A Reduction of Stress and a Restoration of the Spirit Measured by Heart Rate Variability"},"content":{"rendered":"
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*This is an article from the Fall 2022 issue of Contentment Magazine.<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

By<\/span>\u00a0Marcia Uddoh, MD (candidate), PhD, MPH, MS, MSW<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201cI have always the feeling that nature has the power to renew and refresh our minds, our bodies, and our spirits.\u201d \u2013 Helen Keller<\/span><\/b>1<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Hans Selye defined stress as \u201ca response to change in order to maintain the state of stability or homology that the body has maintained against the stimulus to break the mental and physical balance and stability of the body.\u201d<\/span>2<\/span>\u00a0This feeling of stress was the impetus that caused Helen Keller to move outdoors. Whenever she felt overwhelmed, spending time outdoors refreshed her spirit and provided her with a renewed sense of calm.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This article will focus on the physiologically restorative process by which a person moves from a state of stress to a state of relaxation. Heart rate variability (HRV) will be examined as an appropriate noninvasive electrocardiographic measure to assess the state of a person as they shift from stress to calm.<\/span>3<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To understand the phenomenon of HRV, it is helpful to consider the emotional and physiological effects that the natural environment has on human beings. While studies have assumed that changes in a subject\u2019s heart rate should be understood to signal changes in their stress level, there is currently no accepted standard for measuring the latter.<\/span>4<\/span>\u00a0Despite this problem, studies have also shown that HRV can be used as a neurobiological index of emotional stress and emotional health,<\/span>5<\/span>\u00a0as HRV does accommodate a range of normative values.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Theories and Definitions<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Environmental psychology studies humans\u2019 interactions with their physical environment.<\/span>6<\/span>\u00a0Restoration is the field defined in both psychological and physiological approaches that centers on the person\u2019s interaction within their environment, most often in nature. Two major theories comprise this field. The first is the attention restoration theory (ART), where attentional thought is the focus, and nature, as the theory postulates, soothes and requires inattention.<\/span>7<\/span>\u00a0This reprieve, the theory posits, allows our attentional thoughts cognitive rest.<\/span>8<\/span>\u00a0Ulrich proposes the stress reduction theory (SRT), which suggests that nature has an inherent ability to reduce stress through psycho-physiological pathways.<\/span>9<\/span>\u00a0The physiological pathway provides an appropriate juncture to consider the biologically-mediated stress pathways from a psychological perspective.<\/span>10<\/span>\u00a0Within this realm, the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis are the primary paths to consider.<\/span>11<\/span>\u00a0Their influence on the cardiovascular system is evidenced by blood pressure and heart rate.<\/span>12<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The Autonomic Nervous System\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

When the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is not in homeostasis, it is reflected in the heart rate.<\/span>13<\/span>\u00a0This state can occur at times of mental stress when the ANS attempts to regulate external stressors.<\/span>14<\/span>\u00a0The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) work to maintain balance in the ANS (Figure 1). We know that the PNS is more active in times of relaxation as it exerts its effect on the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node to slow the heart rate, leading to cardio-deceleration (Figure 2).<\/span>15<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Figure 1 Jenna Fair, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.\u00a0<\/span>The components of the nervous system are outlined in the graph.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Figure 2 CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons<\/span>. Neurons, autonomic nervous system.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The SNS is more active in times of stress; it influences the heart rate (HR) by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine. This influence leads to cardio-acceleration or quickening of the heart rate.<\/span>16<\/span>\u00a0The balance of the PNS and the SNS on the ANS can be measured with HRV.<\/span>17<\/span>\u00a0A healthy heart has more variability to allow the person to adjust to internal and external environmental stressors. In contrast, a person with less variability can adapt less to these stressors and demonstrates a monotonous variability (Figure 3).<\/span>18<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Figure 3 Marek Jacenko thebiofeedback.com, CC BY-SA 4.0\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/www.creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0<\/span>, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/span>\u00a0First half in stress, second in focus, relax situation. Recorded by Stone Biofeedback device.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

HRV Physiology<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

While the PNS and SNS exert their effect on the ANS, the dynamic is nonlinear, as their sum does not equal zero from their collective influences.<\/span>19<\/span>\u00a0Instead, because of the timing, where the PNS is fast (< 1 s) and the SNS is slower (> 5 s), their relationship is complex. HRV is the measure of the PNS and SNS activity in the heart.<\/span>20<\/span>\u00a0The normal heart does not actually have a consistent beat that could be timed with a metronome. Instead, the timing fluctuates with the influences of the PNS and SNS and HRV dynamics measure this subtle oscillation. Instead, these interbeat intervals (IBIs) that fluctuate between successive heartbeats are what define the HRV.<\/span>21<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

HRV Application<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Shaffer examined the physiological aspects of the HRV and contended that it is well positioned to measure the biological system\u2019s processes as it attempts to attain homeostasis.<\/span>22<\/span>\u00a0The PNS and SNS reflect these complex adjustments in our heartbeat variability. The European Society of Cardiology, the North American Society of Cardiology, and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology task force have created standard measures for the HRV.<\/span>23<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

HRV Measurement<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For the measure of stress, it is imperative to determine the category of stress that it is intended to examine since the definition can provide the most appropriate measure.<\/span>24<\/span>\u00a0De Brito conducted a study to measure psychosocial stress about nature and contended that those who traversed urban or suburban areas would have increased stress measured with the HRV.<\/span>25,26<\/span>\u00a0The study included 23 young adult males with green and suburban paths. The research found that the HRV of the group that traversed the green paths showed beneficial improvement, while the blood pressure (BP) of both groups showed systolic BP reductions.<\/span>27<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Studies on stress must adhere to strict guidelines that describe the experiment\u2019s definitions of stress as one of several precautionary guidelines for studying stress. Attention to these guidelines can avoid problems aggregating the findings, resulting in potentially inappropriate or unvalidated measures.<\/span>28<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Conclusion\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

HRV has been relegated as an appropriate measure of stress as it can measure biological system processes, including the ANS and its adjustments of the heart rate.<\/span>29<\/span>\u00a0The investigation of human physiology in nature provides a context to examine the HRV with accompanying definitions and clarification of terminologies of stress.<\/span>30<\/span>\u00a0Excluded from the discussion were the more in-depth topics, including HRV time-domains and frequency-domains. Instead, the focus aimed to address some of the rudimentary physiological aspects of stress relevant to HRV, including the measures of the PNS-SNS interchange in dealing with external stressors from the ANS. Studies have shown that nature can improve HRV,<\/span>31<\/span>\u00a0which could ostensibly restore the spirit as reflected in the biopsychosocial-spiritual model.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

References<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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                                                              ABOUT THE AUTHOR<\/h3>\n

                                                              Marcia\u00a0<\/span>Uddoh<\/span><\/strong>, MD (candidate), PhD, MPH, MS, MSW,\u00a0<\/span>FAIS,\u00a0<\/span>is a pioneer in Christian-based stress research and management specializing in neurology and cognition.<\/span>\u00a0In 2018 the prestigious integrative medicine research program with Dr. Andrew Weil at the University of Arizona School of Medicine accepted her as a research intern; she researched holistic approaches to stress management.<\/span>\u00a0Dr.\u00a0<\/span>Uddoh<\/span>\u00a0is the founder of Stress Vitals Institute LLC, an evidence-based research institute that develops stress assessments, reports, and stress management interventions. To learn more about Stress Vitals Institute LLC, visit\u202f<\/span><\/span>www.stressvitals.com<\/span><\/span><\/a>; all faiths are welcome.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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                                                              Contentment Magazine<\/h3>\n

                                                              The dictionary defines \u201ccontent\u201d as being in a state of peaceful happiness.\u00a0 The AIS\u00a0magazine is called Contentment because we want all of our guests and members to find contentment in their lives by learning\u00a0about stress management and finding\u00a0what works best for\u00a0each them. \u00a0Stress is unavoidable, and comes in many shapes and sizes that makes being in a state of peaceful happiness\u00a0seem like a very lofty goal.\u00a0 But happiness is easy to find once you are able to\u00a0find ways to manage your stress and keep a healthy\u00a0perspective when\u00a0going though difficult times in life.\u00a0 You will always have stress, but stress does not always have\u00a0you!<\/p>\n

                                                              Subscribe to our FREE magazines and begin your journey to a happier, healthier and longer life!<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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                                                              *This is an article from the Fall 2022 issue of Contentment Magazine. By\u00a0Marcia Uddoh, MD (candidate), PhD, MPH, MS, MSW\u00a0 \u201cI have always the feeling that nature has the power […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":68093,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"pmpro_default_level":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false},"categories":[139],"tags":[136,137,141,143,155,147,175,165,151],"class_list":["post-68092","news","type-news","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-life-blog","tag-ais","tag-american-institute-of-stress","tag-health","tag-mental-health","tag-research","tag-stress-management","tag-stress-reduction","tag-stress-relief","tag-workplace-stress","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA Reduction of Stress and a Restoration of the Spirit Measured by Heart Rate Variability - The American Institute of Stress<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stress.org\/news\/a-reduction-of-stress-and-a-restoration-of-the-spirit-measured-by-heart-rate-variability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Reduction of Stress and a Restoration of the Spirit Measured by Heart Rate Variability - The American Institute of Stress\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"*This is an article from the Fall 2022 issue of Contentment Magazine. 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